In context, the attrac- tion is between spaces and external site conditions. Usually in a design problem these two and all the other project issues pull and push the spaces Operations need- Operations need- to determine their final placement in ing access to de- ing shelter from the scheme. They are in a very real livery and pick- high activity sense competing with each other to up vehicles.
Building entry lo- Activities needing cated to relate to direct access for Some examples of situations that might primary ap- vehicles. Activities needing ing scale and geometric pat- terns. Spaces needing should strongly direct sunlight.
Our first efforts at optimum placement of Where relation to context is judged to 3. The third approach is appropriate functions or spaces on the site in response be more important than internal func- where the project is particularly large to contextual pressures may involve any of tional efficiency, we may take each with several site components.
Here we three approaches. Where function is considered a more optimum zone on the site indepen- our building or buildings as wholes critical form-giving determinant than dently oftheother spaces. When all the before we can address the location of context, we may place the bubble dia- spaces have been placed including their spaces. In this approach the prin- gram on thesiteand allow thespaces to exterior spaces then we may begin to ciples and intentions are no different migrate and shift within the bubble so condense our spaces and knit them than those in the first two approaches.
The scale of the components we are relate to the appropriate site condi- manipulating on the site is simply tions. Here the connecting lines be- larger. Once our buildings are placed in tween the spaces in the bubble are zones on the site, then we may use made elastic while still remaining con- either of the first two approaches to nected to the space bubbles so that the zone the building spaces in response to functional ties are always maintained their context.
Reasonsfor locatinga building in a particu- tual analysis as a stimulant for concep- lar area of the site may involve soil bearing tualization is vital to responsible de- conditions, contours that minimize earth sign.
I t helps to ensure that there is an work during construction, ridges to take appropriateness t o those design ideas advantage of views or breezes, streets or that surface i n our minds i n that they corners that ensure high visibility to the were triggered by the relevant project building, alleys that allow easy service ac- cess, site scars that have already caused issues, conditions and needs and not disruption collect existing scars with the arbitrarily fabricated and imposed on scars caused by construction or the the project.
Too r'i? I t is important to remember that site design and building and space place- ment can involve sectional issues as we analyze long enough, we will be led to the solution. This will never happen. We must well as plan issues. As spaces down hillsides and stacking of designers we must continually work to ex- spaces in relation to contours and neigh- pand and deepen our vocabulary of ar- borhood scale are a few of the potential chitectural forms and concepts so that reasons to study the zoning of our facility there is something there to draw upon on the site in section as well as in plan.
That confidence facilitates the several ways to ascend to our building from conceptualization of site responses in de- a parking lot. These conceptual solution sign and contributes to the heuristic proc- types constitute the design vocabulary that ess of idea formulation.
In doing the con- we accumulate from reading, travel, past textual analysis and engaging the site issues projects we have designed and visiting through diagramming, we trigger design buildings. Analysis will give us the condi- response imagesfor dealing with the site. It will tell us The contextual analysis acts as a switch that we have a great view but not what to to recall the parts of our design vocab- do about it.
We must draw from our vo- ularies that apply to the site problems cabulary of design responses for the appro- priate concepts. We may graphically express our site information in plan, section, elevation, perspective, isometric or any of the other types of draw- ings available to us. The types of drawings we useshould besympathetic to thetypeof information we are recording. Some data is better expressed in plan, some in section, L L some in perspective, etc.
Normally there are two components to any site information diagram. First, we must have a referent drawing of the site to provide a context for the particular site information we want to record. Second, we must diagram the site fact itself. The referent drawing may be a simple plan of the site boundaries with bordering streets or a section through the siteshowing only theground plane.
We use these simple site drawings as frameworks for diagramming the particular site issues that we wish to express. There are two rather different postures we may assume regarding the recording of the site informa- tion over these referent drawings. J one referent drawing. The second approach segregateseach piece of site information to a separate referent drawing. This method values the expression of each issue sepa- rately so that it can be easily understood.
By dealing with each fact individually we We should begin to develop our own may be less likely to ignore something.
Where it is for us and may be used as an effective ations of any scale and is relevant to both appropriate to our situation it is perfectly graphic shorthand for documenting exterior and interior project issues.
We may permissible to use both methods within the site conditions. There are essentially analyze a region, a city, a neighborhood, a same contextual analysis. We must design the initial dia- interior space. The discussion that follows actually record our site information over grammatic form, refine and simplify it, will deal principally with the analysis of the referent drawings are many and varied.
Some attention will There are no rules for the forms these must through graphic hierarchy and em- also be given to the contextual analysis of take and no universally agreed upon vo- phasis and finally introduce whatever interior space under "Other Contextual cabulary for them.
Analysis Forms. We should think about the nature of the project, its needs, require- 2. Site analysis should never be done at "long range. As discussed previously, our goal tives? What roles can the building play should be to analyze all relevant issues in enhancing the site and its surround- This "hands-on" direct encounter about thesite because thoroughness is vital ings?
All of these concerns should help with site from a personal and sen- to project success. The visit to the siteallows us todevelop a sense of what is unique, valuable and important about the site. This checklist will help ensure that g. Solid-void space relationships. Street lighting patterns. Architectural patterns such as roof tify the site concerns to be included in our forms, fenestration, materials, analysis.
A prototypical checklist of potential site issues follows. Location miglht place special restrictions or a. Location of the city in the state responsibilities on our design work including relationship to roads, such as "historic district.
Nearby buildings of particular b. Location of the site neighborhood value or significance. Fragile images or situations that c. Location of the site in the neigh- should be preserved. Sun and shade patterns at different borhood. Distancesand travel times between times of the year. Major contour and drainage pat- lated functions in the city. Neighborhood Context 3. Size and Zoning a. Map of the neighborhood indicat- a. Dimensions of the boundaries of ing existing and projected property our site.
Dimensions of the street rights of b. Existing and projected building way around our site. Location and dimensions of ease- c. Age or condition of the neighbor- ments.
Present site zoning classification. Present and future uses of exterior e. Front, back and side yard setbacks requiied by zoning classification. Any strong vehicular or pedestrian f. Square feet of buildable area inside traffic generating functions in the setbacks should also subtract neighborhood.
Existing and projected vehicular g. Building height restrictions re- movement patterns. Major and quired by zoning classification. Drainage patterns on the site in- i. The number of parking spaces re- cluding directions of surfacedrain- quired if we know the building age perpendicular to contours , area. Any conflicts between what the collection ditches, arroyos, river- present zoning classification al- beds, creeks, etc. Zoning classifications that the site jacent property and any neighbor- would need to be changed to in hood water-related patterns such as order to accommodate all the viaduct systems or storm sewers.
Existing natural features on the site I. Any projected changes that would and their value in terms of preserva- alter the dimensional characteris- tion and reinforcement versus al- tics of the site such as street widen- teration or removal. This would ings or purchase of additional also include opinions regarding property. Legal or expense to remove features. Legal description of the property. Covenants and restrictions site type and size , ground cover, rock area usage allowed, height restric- outcroppings, ground surface tex- tions, screening of mechanical ture, holes or ditches, mounds, on equipment or service yards, restric- site water pools, ponds, lakes, riv- tionson rooftopelements, architec- ers and stable or unstable areas of tural character, design require- the site site scars versus virgin ments in historic districts, etc.
Name of the property owner. Type of soil at different levels below d. Name of the governmental levels surface and bearing capacity of the or agencies which have jurisdic- soil. Soil type. Any projected or potential changes 6.
Man-Made Features in any of the above categories. Size, shape, height and location of 5. Natural Physical Features any on site buildings. If these are to a. Topographic contours. Major topographic features such as interior layout should also be high points, low points, ridges and documented. If the buildings are to valleys, slopes and flat areas. Location and type of walls, retain- of use and volume of use.
Off site pedestrian movement pat- c. Location, size and character of ex- terns using the same characteristics terior playfields, courts, patios, mentioned for on site movement. If a pedestrian movement pattern is areas. Where it may be important to our served or reinforced, our analysis design we should record the paving should also include an evaluation patterns of man-made surfaces. Location and size of curb cuts, be improved. O n site or adjacent vehicular stop shelters. Also included should detailed analysis of the existing ar- be intermittent traffic such as chitectural character surrounding parades, festivals, concerts, fire our site.
This is particularly impor- truck routes, service truck fleets, tant where the architectural etc. Off site or neighborhood vehicular design of our facility historic dis- movement issues such as traffic trict, etc. Some factors to consider generators buildings or uses that i n analyzing surrounding architec- are significant destinations or ori- tural character include scale, gins of vehicular traffic as well as proportion, roof forms, window the other traffic characteristics out- and door patterns, setbacks, mate- lined under on site traffic.
Adjacent rials, colors, textures, open space or nearby parking areas that may be versus built space, visual axes, used for off site car storage in our landscaping materials and pat- project. Off site traffic patterns terns, paving textures and patterns, should also include the relation of porosity extent of openness and our site to the public transportation assertiveness ins and outs of wall routes, stops at or near our site, forms, connections, details and ac- probable directions of approach to cessories, exterior lighting, outdoor our site by the users of the new furniture and carstorage methods.
Traffic 7. Circulation analysis should document future a. Locations of probable or optimum "back" of the site or dealing with access to our site for each type of site barriers or difficult soil condi- pedestrian and vehicular traffic that tions. Sensory Views from the site including posi- g. Travel time to walk across our site, tions on the site where the views to drive across the site or by the site where these times may be impor- are not blocked, what the views are tant to our design time it takes to of, whether the views are positive or negative, the angles within walk between classes at a school.
Utilities aries. Includes what the views are a. Location, capacity and con- of, whether the views are positive veyance form type of pipe, etc. This should involve they are blocked, the angles within the depth of each utility under- which the views can be found and ground and, in the case of power, whether the object of the views whether it i s above or below grade. Location of power poles. Mews to the site from areas outside b.
Where utility lines stop short of our the ,site boundaries, including site boundaries, their distances streets, walks, other buildings and from our site should be given. Where there are multiple oppor- seen, angleswithin which it isseen, tunities to connect to utilities that most dramatic views of the prop- are adjacent to our site, we should erty, best views of the site and areas record those locations or edges on that are viewable, particular points our site that seem to offer the best of interest that may be objects of connection opportunities.
This views from outside our site and may be due to the capacities of the potential for these views to con- utility lines, contour conditions on tinue or be blocked by develop- our site i n relation to sewer, the ment outside our site over the long need to minimize on site utility term. Views through our site from posi- e. Relative permanence of the neiah-- tions outside the property. Involves borhood'population. Neighborhood trends in termsof all various positions where the views the factors mentioned above.
Climate tive or negative, the angles within a. Temperature variation over the which the views can be found, and months of the year including the the likelihood of the view targets as maximum hiahs and lows and the well as the view paths remaining maximum a d average day-night open over the long term. Humidity variation over the noise on or around the site. This months of the year including analysis should include likelihood maximums, minimums, and aver- ofcontinuanceover the long term. Rainfall variation over the months odors, smoke or other airborne of the year in inches.
Should in- pollution on or around our site. Snowfall variation over the months man and Cultural of the year in inches. Should in- Documentation of neighborhood clude the maximum snowfall that cultural, psychological, behavioral can be expected in any one day. Potential e. Prevailing wind directions for the information includes population months of the year including veloc- density, age, family size, ethnic pat- ity in feet per minute or miles per terns, employment patterns, in- hour and variations that can be ex- come,, recreational preferences pected over the course of the day and informal activities or events and night.
Should also include the such as festivals, parades or fairs. Sun path at the summer and winter nal activities. I t is not as important how the have gotten"to the bottom" of them.
We site facts are classified as that they are must follow what may at first seem tangent concerns until we establish that they are days or BTU's of sunlight falling on adequately covered somewhere in our irrelevant or that they do indeed contain our site.
We must not h. Potential natural catastrophes such allow the implied segregation of data on as earthquakes, hurricanes and There is always a danger inherent in any checklist.
Checklists make it easy the checklist to inhibit an understanding of tornados. May includedocumenta- the linkages between our site conditions. It tion of earthquake zone that our for us to mentally disengage from the i s of value, for example, to juxtapose all the site lies within and history of natu- task at hand and sometimes give us a issues dealing with time or schedule on the ral catastrophes in the area.
We feel that if time frame of a typical day and for different Depending on our particular project, some we simply "put something" under each times of the year.
This allows us to see the of these issues will be more important than heading we will have fulfilled our re- ' ebb and flow of the site forces in concert others. Some analysis categories may drop sponsibility to analyze the site. We rather than in isolation. It also permits us to out completely and new ones may be re- cannot allow our site analysis to be- feel the composite of the forces on the site quired.
In some cases this information must come from others, while in other cases we may gather it directly ourselves. Sources of information may vary from city to city and from site to site. It is importantto keep in mind that for some types of data a single source w i l l suffice. This i s true primarily for quantitative or technical in- formation.
Other types of data, principally the qualitative type, may require several sources for purposes of verification. An outlineof potential information sourcesfol- lows. Location State maps may be miniaturized with only major highways and cities shown. City maps of a reasonable size can be found in most telephone books.
We only need to relate our site to major streets or landmarks. It may be helpful to purchase an aerial photograph of our site and neighborhood from an aerial survey company. These can be pro- duced at different scales and allow us to trace the neighborhood streets and facilities from the photo.
We may trace the neighborhood context from a zon- ing map which can be found in the municipal planning department or ob- tained from local blueprinting com- panies. Documentation of the dis- tances and travel times must be done by actually driving them or, in the case of pedestrian circulation, by walking them.
Neighborhood Context ning department should have informa- formation including classification, set- Zoning for our site and neighborhood tion on existing and projected traffic backs, height restrictions, allowable can be learned at the municipal plan- around the site.
Particular routes of site coverage, allowable uses and park- ning department or at local printing specific vehicular types trash, busses, ing requirements involve first finding companies that have the zoning maps fire trucks must be collected from each out what the present zoning classifica- on file. Learning about zoning trends company or agency. Major drainage tion is. This may bedone by obtaininga may involve conversations with real patterns can be interpolated from U. These can pany or city planning department.
The municipal planners. We must directly usually be purchased at local printing specific information about what our observe the existing building and ex- companies, from the Geological Sur- site zone classification allows can be terior space uses while talking to area vey district office or the city engineer. Size and Zoning ordinance, a book which documents agents and municipal planners about Much of the information under Size this information for each zone classifi- projected uses.
Several other issues re- cation. A copy of the ordinance may be and Zoning, Legal, Natural Physical quire direct observation. These include Features and Man-made Features purchased from municipal planning or architectural patterns, solid-void rela- borrowed from the library. Conflicts would be collected and documented tionships, significant buildings, fragile between what our site zone allows and by a survey engineer if we were to have situations, street lighting, and the con- a topographic survey done for our site.
The municipal must be determined by comparison. If These surveys can be tailored to in- planning department should be con- there is a conflict, theclient musteither clude more or less of our site data list sulted about the existence and re- apply for a variance to the municipal depending upon how much of the re- quirements of any special neighbor- board of adjustment or apply for a dif- search we are able to do ourselves and hood classifications such as "historic ferent zoning classification that does how much our client i s able to pay for district.
Typically, clients are re- ferent times of the year involve doc- He may also purchase additional prop- sponsible for providing the site survey umentation of the building and land- erty or purchase a different piece of information to the architect. For our scaping areas and heights and the purposes, we will assume that we must property. Another option is to simply shadow patterns at typical times of the amend the planned uses to fit those that collect all the data.
The number of square feet mer and winter solstice and perhaps at Site boundary dimensions must be of buildable area is calculated by tak- the equinoxes. Building heights and measured directly to be verified but ing the area inside the site boundary areas must be estimated by direct ob- can be obtained in recorded form from lines and subtracting the area of any servation with perhaps the aid of pho- title insurance companies or the setbacks oreasements.
Normally, park- tography. Sun azimuth horizontal county tax assessor's office. Present ing and on site roads may occupy the angle and altitude vertical angle can and future street rights of way can usu- unbuildable area inside setbacks. Legal Graphic Standards, other standard ref- transportation department while Most of the legal information about the erences or the local weather bureau.
The owner or the level. Once weestablish theoverall fall value of natural site features may be title insurance company should have of the site then we can estimate the rate recorded in the form of notes around this information. The county tax asses- of fall contour intervals between the the map where the features are re- sor's office may have someor all of it as high points and low points. These also involve looking well. Jurisdiction is normally a matter If we require a more accurate record of ahead to the project in deciding about of finding out whether the site i s inside the site contours, we must conduct a the appropriateness and value of the or outside of the city limits.
Sometimes formal topographic survey. Projected changes in this infor- sloped and flat areas involve direct ob- and bearing capacity. Sometimes the mation require conversations with our servation and recording the informa- soils test is not done until after sche- client, the appropriate jurisdictional tion on the contour map.
This is especially true for large observation. Drainage patterns will sites where only a small percentage of are responsible for the covenants and always be perpendicular to the site restrictions. Soils tests contour lines. In addition, we should are normally paid for by the client and 5. Natural Physical Features look for major and minor drainage col- are conducted by a soils engineer or a The majority of the information in this lectors in the valleys of the site.
These testing laboratory. Man-made Features topographic survey showing site con- On site features are normally included Permanent bodies of standing or mov- tours. These would include Topographic contours are included in contour map. The edge of this water such items as buildings, walls, retain- the property survey done by the survey will obviously be one of the contour ing walls, ramadas, fences, playfields engineer.
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